The short version of WADA prohibited list fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-08-01. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Researchers have studied the fragment in cell and animal models to understand its metabolic actions. Some experiments report effects on fat breakdown and fat storage pathways, but the underlying mechanism remains incompletely defined. AOD-9604 does not appear to stimulate the same broad growth hormone receptor signaling as full-length hGH. Whether its observed activities arise from direct receptor interactions or downstream metabolic changes is an open question. Results from different assays are not always consistent.
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide modeled on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone. It corresponds to residues 176-191 of the 191-amino-acid hGH sequence. The fragment is not the full hormone and lacks the receptor-binding region associated with growth and metabolic effects of hGH. Researchers developed it to isolate a specific portion of hGH for study. Its exact sequence and length are often stated in peptide catalogs and patents.
The peptide is frequently described as a growth hormone fragment, although it is chemically distinct from full-length hGH. AOD-9604 contains 16 amino acids and includes two cysteine residues that can form an intramolecular disulfide bond. In solution, this structural feature can influence folding, aggregation, and stability. Published descriptions sometimes call it hGH 176-191 or AOD9604, with spacing and capitalization varying. Such naming differences can complicate literature searches, database entries, and product verification.
Regulatory interest in AOD-9604 increased after high-profile anti-doping cases involving peptide products. In some cases, the substance was supplied under alternative names or in compounded preparations, complicating traceability. Sports tribunals and anti-doping panels have discussed whether the peptide was explicitly banned at the time of use, leading to clarifications by the World Anti-Doping Agency. For consumers and researchers, the legal status can vary by jurisdiction, and products marketed as research chemicals may lack independent quality verification.
AOD-9604 is listed as a prohibited substance in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency. It falls under the peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics class on the prohibited list. Anti-doping organizations treat its presence in an athlete's sample as an adverse finding unless a therapeutic use exemption applies. The prohibition reflects concerns about performance enhancement in competitive settings and the difficulty of distinguishing exogenous peptide use from endogenous hormone fragments.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic peptide | Derived from a fragment of human growth hormone |
| Sequence basis | hGH residues 176-191 | Commonly described as a 16-amino-acid fragment |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for lyophilized research peptides |
| Solubility | Soluble in water or aqueous buffer | Exact solubility depends on pH and purity |
| Common synonyms | AOD9604; hGH 176-191 | Spelling and punctuation vary across sources |
Regulatory status varies by country. In the United States, AOD-9604 is not approved as a prescription drug. It is sometimes sold as a research chemical or dietary supplement, though such marketing may fall outside legal frameworks. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits its use in sport. Researchers must obtain it through legitimate suppliers and follow institutional rules. Its legal classification continues to evolve as authorities increasingly assess peptide products more broadly.
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide whose sequence matches the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone, specifically residues 176 through 191. This region differs from the full hormone in its receptor interactions. The peptide is not a growth hormone secretagogue and does not bind the growth hormone receptor in the same manner. Researchers have examined it for effects on lipid metabolism, but its exact pharmacological profile remains an active area of study.
Development of AOD-9604 began in the 1990s as scientists sought to isolate metabolic effects of growth hormone without its growth-promoting actions. Early laboratory work focused on fat cells and animal models. Several human trials followed, examining changes in body composition and fat mass. Results have been mixed, and the peptide has not progressed to widespread clinical approval. Interest continues in research settings, particularly regarding its mechanism and potential metabolic targets.
Research interest in AOD-9604 often focuses on whether it can influence lipid metabolism without the growth-promoting or glucose-related effects of full-length hGH. This question remains unresolved, and findings depend on model, dose, and measurement method. Some reviews treat the peptide as a historical obesity candidate rather than an active therapeutic. Others cite it in discussions of peptide fragments, metabolic signaling, and performance-enhancing substances. Clear conclusions are limited by the small number of rigorous, independent human studies.
AOD-9604 has been investigated primarily as a potential treatment for obesity and related metabolic conditions. Early laboratory work examined its effects on fat cells, and later studies moved into animal models and human clinical trials. Some trials reportedly reached Phase II, but the program did not lead to an approved medicine. Published summaries often note that weight-loss results were modest or inconsistent. The full trial data are not all publicly available in detail.
Regulatory treatment of AOD-9604 has varied. In sports anti-doping, the peptide became widely discussed during a 2013 investigation into an Australian professional sports club. Authorities at the time debated whether it fell under prohibitions on growth hormone and related substances. Later clarifications and updated lists have addressed the compound in different ways. Anyone seeking current status should consult the latest applicable rules, and commercial supply for human use is not authorized in major markets.
==== Other adverse effects ==== High doses of nicotinic acid can also cause niacin maculopathy, a thickening of the macula and retina, which leads to blurred vision and blindness. This maculopathy is reversible after niacin intake ceases. Niaspan, the slow-release product, has been associated with a reduction in platelet content and a modest increase in prothrombin time.
=== Mortality risk === A 2012 study found a significantly lower ischemic heart disease mortality (-29%) and overall cancer incidence (-18%) in vegetarians in comparison to nonvegetarians. A 2017 review found a lower mortality (−25%) from ischemic heart disease.
"David J. Gross, a celebrated U.S. theoretical physicist, calls himself an optimist—especially concerning the future of his field. He's certain that somewhere out there lurks a final, unified theory of nature, just waiting to be discovered. But ... he estimates it's more likely that we'll destroy ourselves in nuclear warfare first. And [as a Nobel laureate in physics and] as the latest recipient of a $3-million Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, he's using the opportunity to warn the world of this dire peril. [p. 90.] [Says Gross:] 'I'd estimate that the annual chance for nuclear war is now 2 percent.'" (p. 93.) Jerry Brown, 'I Taste Ashes in the Wind' (review of Serhii Plokhy, The Nuclear Age: An Epic Race for Arms, Power, and Survival, Norton, 422 pp.; David Holloway, Nuclear Weapons: An International History, Yale University Press, 708 pp.; Daniel Ellsberg, edited by Michael Ellsberg and Jan R. Thomas, Truth and Consequence: Reflections on Catastrophe, Civil Resistance, and Hope, Bloomsbury, 363 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIX, no. 15 (8 October 2026), pp. 18, 20–21. Reviewer Jerry Brown writes: "Congress is now considering Trump's Golden Dome, a trillion-dollar scheme to place an ineffective missile defense 'shield' over the entire [United States]. ... Our leaders are complacent or distracted with respect to the risks of nuclear horror. They are men driven by grievance and whim. The public is uninformed or else desensitized. ...
=== GPCR signaling === In 2015, the Garcia Laboratory reported the x-ray crystal structure of the virally encoded G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), US28, bound to its chemokine ligand, fractalkine (CX3CL1). The US28-Fractalkine structure was one of the first reports to visualize a protein ligand bound to a GPCR, and revealed that the globular "head" of fractalkine docks onto the extracellular loops of US28, while fractalkine's flexible N-terminal "tail" threads into a cavity in the center of US28 as a means of fine-tuning its downstream signaling activity. In more recent studies, the lab has engineered biased chemokine ligands and shown that GPCR activation is governed by ligands that induce shape changes rather than highly specific bonding chemistries.
== Structure == Prohormones vary considerably in length and design, as do peptide hormones, but their base structure is the same. They consist of one or more inactive peptide hormones or hormone chains attached to each other in a way that prevents hormone expression, often by making the chains' binding ends inaccessible via folding and binding of other chains to said ends. For hormonal expression to be induced, the binding ends of hormones but either bind to receptors in the cell membrane, or in the case of steroids, bind to steroid receptor proteins in the cell, both of which mediate hormone expression.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
After the reforms ended in 1909, the Indian Army was organised along British lines, although it was always behind in terms of equipment. An Indian Army division consisted of three brigades each of four battalions. Three of these battalions were of the Indian Army, and one British. The Indian battalions were often segregated, with companies of different tribes, castes or religions. One and a half million volunteers came forward from the estimated population of 315 million in the Indian subcontinent. Regimental battalions were not permanently allocated to particular divisions or brigades, but instead spent some years in one formation, and were then posted to another elsewhere. This rotating arrangement was intended both to provide all units with experience of active service on the Frontier, and to prevent them becoming 'localised' in static regimental stations. In contrast, the divisional locations remained constant.
=== PCR method === PCR-based screening methodologies are in the process of development for a number of genes responsible for resistance. They speed up detection and can readily differentiate between carbapenamase genes-sometimes in a multiplex format. Costs of PCR testing are decreasing and reliability of molecular based tests relates more to gene presence and gene expression for production of the relevant carbapenamase. Nested arbitrary PCR (ARB-PCR) was used during a 2007 CRE outbreak at the University of Virginia Medical Center to identify the specific bla KPC plasmid involved in the transmission of the infection, and researchers suggest that ARB-PCR may also be used to identify other methods of CRE spread.
Vaccines are examples of antigens in an immunogenic form, which are intentionally administered to a recipient to induce the memory function of the adaptive immune system towards antigens of the pathogen invading that recipient. The vaccine for seasonal influenza is a common example.
Portugal's road network includes a system of 48 motorways, which, as of 2023, ranked as the seventh largest among 42 European countries. The busiest Portuguese airports are Lisbon Airport, Porto Airport, Faro Airport, Madeira Airport, and Ponta Delgada Airport. As of 2024, passenger and freight rail transport in Portugal operated on 2,526 km (1,570 mi) of active railway lines, with passenger services operated mainly by Comboios de Portugal (CP). The Port of Sines serves as Portugal's foremost container port and leads the country in cargo tonnage. As of 2023, two-thirds of Portugal's energy supply was imported, representing the 11th-highest level of energy dependency in the European Union. The country is pursuing energy transition and has invested in the development of renewable energy sources such as the Aguçadoura Wave Farm. Portugal has expanded the role of renewable sources in its energy sector, with renewables accounting for 35.2% of energy consumption, as of 2023 up from 21.9% in 2007, and 78.1% of total installed capacity, compared with 59.3% in 2014. In 2021, the country completed the phase-out of coal-fired generation.
Illicium comes from the Latin illicio meaning "entice" or "seduce". Verum means "true" or "genuine". The name "badian" appears to derive, via French badiane, from the apparently descriptive Chinese name for it, 八角, pinyin: bājiǎo, lit. "eight horns". However, a derivation from the Persian بادیان bādiyān, "fennel", exists, with the Oxford English Dictionary indicating that its origin before that is unknown.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Generic names === Protriptyline is the English and French generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, BANTooltip British Approved Name, and DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française, while protriptyline hydrochloride is its USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia, and BANMTooltip British Approved Name. Its generic name in Spanish and Italian and its DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana are protriptylina, in German is protriptylin, and in Latin is protriptylinum.
While it is usually considered that the driver has the responsibility when collisions occur, vehicle can also contribute to collisions, up to 3% to 5% of crashes. Two kinds of programs exist: new car assessment program for new cars, and vehicle inspections for other ones. A New Car Assessment Program is a government or institutional car safety program tasked with evaluating new car designs for performance against various safety threats. Two well known NCAP are United States New Car Assessment Program since 1978 and European New Car Assessment Programme since 1997.
A few long-lived actinide isotopes, such as 244Pu and 250Cm, cannot be produced in reactors because neutron capture does not happen quickly enough to bypass the short-lived beta-decaying nuclides 243Pu and 249Cm; they can however be generated in nuclear explosions, which have much higher neutron fluxes.
One published paper concluded more study is needed of the association between autism and the use of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in infants and young children. This association does not necessarily demonstrate a causal relationship.
Under this new franchise agreement, new owners were disallowed from living more than one hour from their restaurants – restricting them to smaller individuals or ownership groups and preventing large, multi-state corporations from owning franchises. Franchisees were also now prohibited from operating other chains, preventing them from diverting funds away from their Burger King holdings. This new policy effectively limited the size of franchisees and prevented larger franchises from challenging Burger King Corporation as Chart House had. Smith also sought to have BKC be the primary owner of new locations and rent or lease the restaurants to its franchises. This policy would allow the company to take over the operations of failing stores or evict those owners who would not conform to the company guidelines and policies. By 1988, parent company Pillsbury had relaxed many of Smith's changes, scaling back on construction of new locations, which resulted in stalled growth of the brand. Neglect of Burger King by new owner Grand Metropolitan and its successor Diageo further hurt the standing of the brand, causing significant financial damage to BK franchises and straining relations between the parties. By 2001 and after nearly 18 years of stagnant growth, the state of its franchises was beginning to affect the value of the company. One of the franchises most heavily affected by the lack of growth was the nearly 400-store AmeriKing Inc., one of the largest Burger King franchisees.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No, it is a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to a small portion of hGH. It is not the full 191-amino-acid hormone and does not reproduce all of hGH's effects.
It is commonly described as a 16-amino-acid peptide based on residues 176-191 of human growth hormone. Some sources vary in notation, so checking the stated sequence is useful.
It is not typically described as a standalone natural hormone. The sequence is derived from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone, but the synthetic peptide is a laboratory-made construct.
Yes, the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies AOD-9604 as a prohibited peptide hormone and related substance. Its use by athletes is banned under the relevant anti-doping code.